Minimum Wage in California Research Paper

Minimum wage is the minimum hourly, daily or monthly wage that must be paid to employees or workers. Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and more than 90 percent of all countries have some kind of minimum wage legislation. In the United States, statutory minimum wages were first introduced nationally in 1938 (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia). The minimum wage was enacted in 1938 as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The first minimum wage was .25 an hour. This has increased over the years and the current federal minimum wage is $5.15 an hour (Minimum Wage from http://jobsearch.about.com/od/minimumwage/a/minimumwage.htm) California minimum wages is based on their law to be implemented and imposed for the employer to follow for the protection of both the employee and the employer. Body of the Paper The California State Senate and Assembly have approved legislation that would give 1.4 million minimum-wage earners a $1-an-hour raise and boost annual pay to keep up with inflation. The Federal Minimum Wage Labor Law for California stated that employees under 20 years of age may be paid $4.25 per hour during their first 90 consecutive calendar days of employment with an employer. Certain full-time students, student learners, apprentices, and workers with disabilities may be paid less than the minimum wage under special certificates issued by the Department of Labor. California law is strict and pitiless to employers who have improperly paid the workers less than $6.75 per hour. Not only that an employers entitled to pay the unpaid minimum wage pay, but also the interest and penalties as well. But, the right to collect unpaid minimum wage pay does not last forever. In fact, if u delays in claiming the unpaid wages, you risk of losing unpaid minimum wage for work occurring more than three years prior to your filing of a lawsuit. Although there are some exceptions, because almost all employees in California must be paid the minimum wage as required by state law. Effective January 1, 2002, the minimum wage in California is $6.75 per hour. There are some employees who are exempt from the minimum wage law, such as outside salespersons, individuals who are the parent, spouse, or child of the employer, and apprentices regularly indentured under the State Division of Apprenticeship Standards. (Minimum Wage Order, MW-2001). California Wage Law has an exception for learners, regardless of age, who may be paid not less than 85 percent of the minimum wage rounded to the nearest nickel during their first 160 hours of employment in occupations in which they have no previous similar or related experience. There are also exceptions for employees who are mentally or physically disabled, or both, and for nonprofit organizations such as sheltered workshops or rehabilitation facilities that employ disabled workers. Such individuals and organizations may be issued a special license by the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement authorizing employment at a wage less than the legal minimum wage (Minimum Wage Labor Code Sections 1191 and 1191.5). Minimum wage legislation may be interpreted as making it either unlawful for employers to pay workers less than the minimum wage, or unlawful for workers to provide labor or services for less than the minimum. White trade unions lobbied for the introduction of minimum wage laws to exclude black workers from the labor market. This minimum wage law prevents black workers from selling their labor for less than white workers, the black workers were prevented from competing for jobs held by whites although it is the employer who is fined and/or imprisoned for violations, and the workers also loses their freedom to do what they want for themselves. The minimum wage offers substantial benefits to low-wage workers without negative effect. The best recent research shown that the job loss reported in earlier analyses does not; occur when the minimum wage is increased. If the minimum wage were increased nationally to $7.25: almost 14.9 million workers would receive a raise, and 80 percent of those affected are adults age 20 or over, and 7.3 million children would see their parent’s income rise that can make the family’s income stable. Families with affected workers rely on those workers for over half of their earnings.46 percent of all families with affected workers rely solely on the earnings from those workers. Some minimum wage workers remain in low-wage jobs for substantial periods. The best recent research on the economic impact of the minimum wage shows positive effects without job loss. Even the research that suggests a negative labor market effect shows only a minimal impact that is more than offset by the higher wage levels. The states that have adopted higher-than-federal minimum wages have seen low-wage workers incomes rise with no negative side-effects. Over 650 economists, including five Nobel Prize winners and six past presidents of the American Economics Association, recently signed a statement stating that federal and state minimum wage increases â€Å"can significantly improve the lives of low-income workers and their families, without the adverse effects that critics have claimed† (EPI 2006). Conclusion Starting   January 1, 2002, the minimum wage in California is $6.75 per hour it is strictly imposed and implemented by Law to be follow by all the businesses both public and private sectors. In this Minimum Wage law there is the difference between the state and federal minimum wage? It stated that most employers in California are subject to both the federal and state minimum wage laws. The effect of this dual coverage is that when there are conflicting requirements in the laws, the employer must follow the strict standard; the one that is the most beneficial to the employee. Since California's current law requires a higher minimum wage rate than does the federal law, all employers in California who are subject to both laws must pay the state minimum wage rate unless their employees are exempt under California law. The minimum wage is an obligation of the employer and cannot be waived by any agreement, including collective bargaining. And in this law any remedial legislation written for The protection of employees may not be violated by agreement between the employer and employee (Minimum Wage, Civil Code Sections 1668 and 3513). California law of minimum wage stated that there is no distinction made between adults and minors when it comes to payment. And an employer may not use employee’s tips as a credit towards its obligation to pay the minimum wages If the employer doesn’t pay the employee it is also stated in the law that an employee can file a lawsuit in court against the employer to recover the lost wages and it is the duty of the court to order the employer to pay the attorney’s fees, and if your not working for this employer, you can make a claim for the waiting time penalty pursuant to Minimum Wage Labor Code section Today, the earnings of a full-time minimum wage worker with a family of three would earn $10,712 a year, thus falling below the official 2006 federal poverty level of $16,600. Although the federal poverty line is an inadequate measure of the income needed to support a family, this comparison highlights the severe insufficiency of the current minimum wage (Fisher 1999). Finally, the earnings of minimum wage workers are essential to their families’ total income. While not all minimum wage workers are poor or are the sole breadwinner for their families, it is striking how important low-wage workers’ income is to their economic well-being. On average, families with affected workers rely on those workers for over half (59%) of the  Families’ total earnings. Nearly half (46%) of all families with an affected worker rely solely on the earnings of those workers. References: Laws of Minimum Wage in California, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http://www.mcmillanlaw.us/California_Overtime_Law/California_minimum_wage.htm Minimum Wage, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http://jobsearch.about.com/od/minimumwage/a/minimumwage.htm Minimum Wage, Retrieved November 18 from Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia Minimum Wage in California, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america.htm ;

China’s One Child Policy

The policy was put onto place In 1979 as â€Å"an aggressive effort to Improve standards of living and the economy through population control† (CNN). The initial policy that was put into place was much stricter than the policy most people are familiar with now. This is because the original plan was meant to be short-term (only a couple of decades), however it's success of preventing nearly 400 million births made China leaders think twice about terminating the plan altogether and instead revised the policy Into what it is today (CNN).This essay will be breaking down the one child policy by looking Into a variety f different aspects such as; the company that oversees the policy and what rewards or punishments they hand out, the baby boomers effect on the policy and the reason the leaders implemented it, and prior attempts to control the population. As well as the current population standings, the well-known daughter to son ratio problem, how it affected one families plan, and c urrent feelings by the locals towards the policy. The one-child policy Is known by those that abide by It as the â€Å"family planning policy. Understanding the policy In China Is difficult as there are many exceptions and rules. The family planning policy states that married urban couples are only allowed one child. However, exceptions include rural families, ethnic minorities, couples who themselves only have one sibling, and foreigners residing in China. According to Maria Trichina, the NIFOC (The National Population and Family Planning Commission of China), Is a state agency responsible for overseeing population control, reproductive health and family planning across China.The NIFOC was created to help families make decisions about their child, designate rewards to abiding families, and enforce penalties when it is disobeyed. Everyone who falls under the policy in China is personally responsible to practice family planning and use proper contraceptive methods. Those that play b y the rules are offered a number of perks such as special financial assistance, longer maternity and honeymoon breaks, â€Å"Certificate of Honor for Single-Child Parents,† loans, along with other rewards.Those that disobey the strict law can be fined up to half of their annual household income or be subject to confiscation of their household items. The â€Å"excess† children themselves may personally be subject to health and education disadvantages. Trichina) All of these penalties and rewards make having a single child very attractive and make most couples not even consider having a second child. The way the policy is set up Is very smart and lucrative, making nearly 97% of the country follow It's guidelines. Hays) 1979 as the â€Å"baby boomers† of the sass's and ass's were beginning to reproduce. The reason for the sudden worry of the population in China came when leaders realized that China was home to a quarter of the world's population on Just 7 percent o f the world's land (Hester). The population increase during the sass through 1979 introduced a large number of problems in China. With such a rapid increase, came the government's inability to provide for its citizens the way China's citizens were used to the way that was previously possible.Also, leadership argued that rapid population growth would â€Å"retard achievement of the four modernization (industry, agriculture, science and technology, and defense) by hampering attainment of full employment and by cutting into increases in capital accumulation, living standards, and education† (Bonaparte) The rule was implemented in order to return the country AAA higher standard of living, education, and economic reform.Because the long term effects of the policy have not been felt and there are still a number of people in China that were born before the policy, it is uncertain if China's goals to make a better life for its citizens have been fulfilled. Judging by the number of ch ildren born under the one child policy that plan to follow it with their own families, the policy obviously has its perks. But before this law was enforced, a number of other options were attempted. A number of other options were researched and attempted before the law went into effect, many failed efforts to control the population took place.Although the policy seems harsh, the one child policy was not implemented on a whim. In 1971 the Chinese government introduced a birth-limitation campaign called â€Å"longer-later- fewer. † In this plan men and women would have longer periods between the births of their children, wait until they were older to have their first child, and have fewer than the average children. Fewer than average was three children if you were a rural dwelling couple and 2 for those in the Urbana (Bonaparte).Due to the lack of success f that program, the decision was made to limit couples to having Just two children in the year 1977, followed by Just one ch ild in 1979. China will maintain its one-child policy for at least another decade as nearly 200 million Chinese will enter child- bearing age over the next 10 years. Minister Ghana Weighing told the China Daily newspaper, abandoning the policy during this period would cause â€Å"serious problems and add extra pressure on social and economic development. However, the exact details of the continued policy will be less strict and will include exceptions and options such as being able to apply for certificates to allow the birth of a second child. Another revision of the policy has not yet been started, however the grip is a lot less tight and more families are able to have more than one child while still following the rules, and falling under the exceptions. The successes of the policy can be seen in the current population standings versus where the country was headed prior to the policy beginning.It is hard to reflect what the exact population goals were and what the current populat ion is as a number of sources contradict each other yet each claim to be en discontinued in China in the late sass and since population counts have been restarted in 1975 they have never been referred to as reliable. This shows that the population goal was not set in stone and that the actual population in China is unknown. According to sources, the estimated population in China has been continually growing since 1953 when the death rate began falling significantly and the birthrate increased, creating a 2. 8 percent population growth rate.The increase was initially embraced by the public and the leaders of China saw the population growth as part of the countries strength. A growing population following hundreds of years of war, epidemics, rebellions and the collapse of imperial authority was a welcomed change. (Kane) However, when the reality of the increasing population hit home and the effects of the growing population started effecting communities, the policy began being designe d. When it was introduced, it is said the leaders had a goal in mind; in 1979 they hoped the population of China, in the year 2000, would be at approximately 1. Billion. The 2000 census showed the population at 1. 27 billion, however many people argue that this is an underestimate because the census neuters in China is the same committee that is meant to be in charge of population control. Whether the population actually decreased or not is hard to say, but what has been proven is that per woman, the fertility rate has dropped from 2. 9 children, down to 1. 7. (Hester) China's population, which now stands at about 1. 3 billion, is growing at the rate of 0. 6 percent and is expected to peak around 1. 6 billion by 2050, according to the U. S. State Department. CNN) Following the peak, it is expected to drop off drastically resulting in the population numbers desired by leaders in China. As a whole, the policy has helped prevent approximately 250 million births since 1979. The greatest difference in population has come from those in urban areas, as those in rural settings are less keen on the rule. Although the rule only officially applies to those living in urban areas, couples in rural landscapes are also advised and sometimes pressured to follow the one child policy as well. Even before the rule went into effect, nearly 90% of urban couples had already decided to have only one child.This was in part due to the small living spaces and the hours Chinese workers are expected to put into a Job. Add to that the exhausting tasks of caring for a family and the majority of couples can't fathom having more than one child. Rural families, on the other hand, need larger families to financially support them as they grow older as they tend to have limited savings and no pensions (Kane). Discouragements of larger families include â€Å"financial levies on each additional child and sanctions which ranged from social pressure to curtailed career prospects for those in govern ment Jobs† (Kane).Specific measures varied across each individual community, but in a tight knit community, the pressure o adhere to the one-child policy is high. Having what they call â€Å"unapproved pregnancies† which are children that are not approved by the family planning authorities, can bring problems to more than Just the defiant family. For example, if a couple was to have an unapproved pregnancy in a community and this birth caused the community to exceed the yearly birth quota, then other families who had previously been approved to have a child, would have to wait until the next year and families in China.Not only do families feel pressure in having children, they also feel pressure in the gender of the child they have. A well-known effect caused by the one child policy in China, is the preference of having a son over a daughter. Before the policy was implemented, the ratio was about 105 males to every 100 females overall in China, but currently the ratio s tands at 114 males to every 100 females. The desire to have a son rather than a daughter is due to the tradition that in the parents' old age, the daughter moves in with the parents of the son to care for them.In the event that a daughter is born instead off son, families abiding by the one child rule, more often peasants, dispose of the infant RL and try again, this time hoping for a son. This practice is called sex selective infanticide. Another well-known reason to dispose of the daughter is so that when the child grows up and tries to start a family, the families' last name tied with the daughter won't have a chance to be tarnished by a daughter breaking the one child policy. Beliefs in China are that an infant does not own life until they are six months old; therefore getting rid of the infant daughter is not seen as a crime.The method used, most commonly by the father, is to place the infant in a bucket of cold water that Chinese refer to as â€Å"baby water†. In a stud y done in 1980, for every 1000 infants being born across China, 53 were being disposed of, but in the rural areas of the country, the ratio was much higher (Kane). In some communities of China, one out of every three daughters born are disposed of. The boy to girl ratio proves to be troubling for China in the future, but as of now, no measures are being taken to prevent this common practice. Families struggle to decide whether to keep the daughter or try again for another, in hopes that it is a boy.Many people were frustrated when the rule was set in place in 1979. Going from the â€Å"longer-later- ewer† rule that did allow more than one child, Just a certain amount of space between each birth (usually 3 years), to having Just one child, ruined a lot of couple's family plans. Especially those who had already had one child, a girl, and were planning on trying again later for a boy. Most couples had to accept the plan and were â€Å"plagued† with the reality that their one child would be a girl and would likely leave them in their old age. But some couples broke the new rule, and tried for a son.Penalties faced for having another child included losing workforce â€Å"points† and even personal belongings. Some locals surveyed say it was worth it, but others, who had a daughter a second time, are now even more devastated. The only way to gain back those points and reclaim their confiscated items is for the woman to be permanently fixed by a licensed doctor. Almost all couples breaking the rule and having a second child are forced to undergo such procedures. For traditional families, it can be heartbreaking. However, for a number of more modern families, the policy is becoming understood and even accepted.Some say having only one child ensures better care, including better nutrition, dress, education, and more attention. These modern couples embrace the one child rule, understanding that â€Å"the best care can be given to a child when there is only one child to care for† (Ghana). Modern couples understand the policy and some even chose to undergo the procedure after their first child to avoid being punished. These are the government or NIFOC. While there are some that agree and abide, there are still some that will fight it until it is taken out of practice.Those that fight it may not be beneficiaries of some of the positive results the policy has produced. Even some of the only daughters are enjoying benefits that, without the policy, would not have existed. Since the policy implementation over 30 years ago, a number of children born under the one child policy are now adults. Feelings towards the policy are across the board, but the statistics are not. A number of studies done show that children born under the policy, especially girls, tend to have a better life than those with multiple siblings.One obvious reason for that is the family with one child is not scolded by the government with fees, income confiscati on and other humiliations. But in the studies there are other reasons that children are better off as an only child. For example, â€Å"many one child families are made of two parents and one gather. With no male heir competing for resources, parents have spent more on their daughters' education and well-being, a groundbreaking shift after centuries of discrimination† says Jeffery Hays, an expert on the one child policy.In 1978, women made up only 24. 2 percent of the student population at Chinese colleges and universities. By 2009, nearly half of China's full-time undergraduates were women and 47 percent of graduate students were female, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. (Hays) This is the first time in China's history that school enrollment between males and females are near equal. So, although the policy might be hard to understand and frowned upon by many, the statistics can't be denied, having Just one child in China ensures that child a better life.In stud ying and reading of the family planning policy in China I believe that it is a very difficult rule to dissect. There are obvious reasons that the policy was set into place, and had it not been implemented, the population of China would have far outgrown the resources that country has to offer. I think the biggest issue that comes into play is the tradition of sons moving in with their parents to care for them. This is the largest reason that the surviving birth rate of females is so low and males is so high.It is hard to say to abandon the tradition and have elderly care in a home or find another way, however in China, the act of a tradition so strong between families it makes that idea unrealistic. I do think that something needs to be done that alters the tradition into something that welcomes both males and females into the world before China is overrun by males and the men to women ratio is even worse than it currently is. Overall I think the policy had to happen and it would no t be horrible if other entries took this idea into consideration.

Answer ls week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer ls week 6 - Essay Example The stakeholders need to be taken by the management as the principal assets of the organization. Therefore, managers in making decisions need to involve and take into account the interest of all the stakeholders in a given organization. The stakeholders of a given organization in most cases are taken to include the community, employees, suppliers and customers as well the potential investors and shareholders (Cots 2011). Hence, the responsibility of managers in a company is to serve the interests of all its stakeholders, which in most instances is called â€Å"stakeholder management†, which is commonly negated with the principle form of corporate governance, whereby the stakeholder interests are principal. Therefore, it is within the ethics of management to treat the interests of the stakeholders equally without favoring a given stakeholder. This implies that the stakeholder management has the ethical responsibility of serving all the interest of the stakeholders present for-p rofit corporations, which will not conflict with the present system of corporate governance (Parmar, B.L. et al. 2010). The stakeholder management must assume that management decision-making is the primary means by which the benefits of corporate wealth creation are given to the stakeholders , however , these accrued benefits might be also be obtained by other categories that interact with the corporation in many other ways, which in most cases is through the market (Cots 2011). As a result, it will be worth mentioning that management will unethically be acting by failing to serve the interests of the organization’s stakeholders who are involved in day-to-day creation of wealth. In addition, stakeholder management in an organization is right; nevertheless, to put emphasis on the moral/ethical aspect that every stakeholder group must benefit from corporate activity is paramount. This also makes managers to be aware of their moral responsibility to develop wealth that will even tually benefit all the stakeholders groups Question Two The idea of authenticity has become primary aspect in management among the large organizations that need to promote workplace conditions significantly. I believe am an authentic leader because, authentic leadership entails leaders creating opportunities and strategies that will promote a common good for all the members of the organization. This means that as an authentic leader am able to inspire all the company’s stakeholders by serving their interests as well as that of the company. Since am an authentic leader I have transformed my organization to greater heights of success (Cots 2011). By employing my authentic leadership standards and principles to the element of diversity work, as a leader I have been able to acquire understanding and support for the work, find out the conflict between organizational and individual behaviors and principles, which serve as barriers, and create significant relationships for organizat ional growth – all planned to intensify responsiveness and understanding and responsiveness for the value diversity has on organizational existence (Parmar, B.L. et al. 2010). Being an authentic leader, who can dig beneath the surface by discovering my purpose, principles, morals, and how I build relationships, has enabled me to lay a foundation for a greater obligation to organizational growth. That is so since attention is paid to values, purpose, and relationships, how we reason regarding and acts upon, whereby these aspects will engage individuals, not only with their minds

Decline of Michael Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Decline of Michael Jackson - Essay Example he nature of media exploitation and public opinion, the reputation of a talented musician was devastated, contributing to his ill health and leading to his death. In the following dissertation, the topic of the facts of the controversies in comparison to the public perception will be discussed in order to find context for the events that occurred and the truths that they represent. Michael Jackson, named by the music industry as ‘the king of pop’ was a talented, but tormented man who had started his lustrous career in his prepubescent years out of Gary, Indiana in the United States. His career spanned his lifetime and his meticulous attention to detail and his innovative styles supported a talent that was broad and powerful. However, the public image that was created for him and the subsequent events of his life led to public humiliation and suspicions of both madness and deviant behaviour. The nature of celebrity gossip, however, creates stories out of unsupportable concepts and a life that is not led traditionally is open to accusations that are unsupportable and, therefore, suspect. This paper will endeavour to examine the ways in which the rumours and suspicions measure against facts and truths that were not as sensational, but could have clarified and refined the public image that led to Jackson’s downward spiral. The nature of the life of Michael Jackson was a long history of having his life framed by a public ‘brand’ which worked against him both personally and professionally in the end. In the 1980s he had a signature look which included one white glove and white socks. It was said of him that he slept in a hyperbaric chamber and the image that was created around him translated into a feeling of magic and mystery. He was an enigma, strange and mystical with talents that matched the message of his position as someone beyond the average human. What did not help his image was the evolving state of his face as he had multiple plastic surgeries and

Strategic plan and control Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic plan and control - Coursework Example Apparently, a reflection of the respective lessons entries and the related aspects of the synergized contributors allows for the visualization of the subsequent knowledge gathered throughout the entire course. The first lesson involved an introduction to the entire concept of strategic knowledge. Such was advised by the respective entities that defined the study of strategic planning and its input in the characterization of business. Apparently, the lesson remains best regarded as an introductory to the entire course work. Upon its commencement, an impression on the prospects of strategic planning was considered. I may consider the ideals of the instructors as being vested on the conceptualization of the entire topic. Additional interests were vested on placing it under timeframes, in an effort to ensure its eventual implementation. The knowledge gathered in the first lesson was critical in the shaping of the considered beliefs and the eventual development of a perception regarding the entities of the entire course (Kraten, 2010). At the termination of the first week, I had developed an insight on the entire program and the progressive models under consideration. I must admit that upon th e termination of the program, I had developed interests on the possibilities that stood to be enlisted from the entire course. The contributions annexed to the respective evaluative roles associated to the lesson of the second week played a significant role in the description of strategic planning as perceived by the corporate world. Students were engaged in the various evaluative protocols that may be annexed to a business venture, including the PESTEL model. The model was presented as an ideal approach upon which the evaluation of a venture may be aspired. However, progressive aspects such as the implication that stood to be fetched from the respective models of evaluation remains

'Twitter has made a significant contribution to citizen journalism' Essay

'Twitter has made a significant contribution to citizen journalism'. Do you agree Argue your case with reference to at least 2 - Essay Example Citizen journalism has emerged as a contemporary innovation in the spectrum of journalism. To this end, it encompasses the new role played by ordinary citizens in the collection, reporting and dissemination of information (Anwar, 2012). Evidently, the efficacy of citizen journalism in reporting has been shaped due to its potential in inspiring the participation of a large target audience locally, nationally and internationally. Moreover, citizen journalism envisions a system in which persons can report pertinent issues that are relevant to an area or locality. The growth of citizen journalism has largely been influenced by technological advancement in the social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook. In reference to Twitter, it has emerged as a revolutionary social media tool whereby an increasing number of people are acting as citizen journalists. Moreover, Twitter has equally captured the attention of mainstream media houses. Consequently, an increasing number of media houses have embraced the use Twitter handles in the reporting of citizen journalistic news. To this end the plethora of media news handles dedicated to citizen journalism includes; Blottr, NowPublic, iReport for CNN, GroundReport, Demotix and many more (Rosen, 2012). According to a research finding by Infographic Labs, the popularity is evident from the 175 million tweets daily and the consequent 31 billion tweets recorded annually. Moreover, the increasing use of Twitter by citizen journalists has been spurred by several positive attributes of the social media technology. These include; its flexible posse power and high speed in sharing of information. In addition, it ensures efficiency whereby information can be received on time and edited accordingly. Furthermore, Twitters offers the luxury of simplicity, and flexibility in use by the citizen journalists. Over and above this, Twitter is a totally free social media service that is available to the majority of users (Knight Community New s Network, n.d.). To this end, Twitter has been used as a tool for citizen journalism in influencing contemporary activism, reporting on natural disasters and shaping of political landscapes. In particular, Twitter played a critical played a critical role in reporting of the political and social mandarins during the Arab Spring uprising. The Arab spring uprising that began in earnest in Tunisia and Egypt, was largely propelled by the use of social media communication via Twitter. Evidently, citizen journalists utilized Twitter in the organization of mass action protests. Moreover, mobilization and the spreading of awareness concerning the revolution were done via Twitter and Facebook. Evidently, during the Egypt revolution, 1.4 million tweets were recorded on the hashtag or search item ‘Egypt.’ Moreover, the hashtag ‘Jan 25’ recorded 1.2 million posts (Huang, 2011). A survey conducted on over 200 people during the uprising in Tunisia and Egypt revealed that they received updates via Twitter. To this end, 88% and 94% in Egypt and Tunisia respectively received information updates concerning the revolution through Twitter (Huang, 2011). Another survey during the Arab spring showed that the popularity of Twitter within the Arab world had increased astronomically. Consequently, there was a record of over two million tweets during the month of November 2010 (France-Presse, 2012). This by contrast, was a marked increase from 99,000 tweets in the month of October 2010

Entrepreneur Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrepreneur Report - Essay Example Based on self-evaluation, it is quite evident that the development in some of my personal traits would prove to be effective on obtaining the desired objectives. In this regard, a few of the major life roles that I have garnered throughout different stages of life can be duly considered as a set of major attributes, which can encourage me of being as a successful entrepreneur. Such roles include the following: In the context of being as a manager, I must ensure to have the capability of planning, organizing and controlling skills for attaining both short and long-term organizational goals. Correspondingly, I should also focus on effectively practicing different job positions in order to be a competent achiever in the entrepreneurial roles. Additionally, I also have strong self-believed in terms of evaluating my own strengths and weaknesses, which can also help me to play the role of an entrepreneur efficiently. In this context, I am also determined to continuously dealing with my weaknesses and strengthening self-believe especially in terms of managing, controlling and decision making activities. In the context of the role as a risk taker, I should highly focus on strengthening my abilities to deal with different complexities and uncertainties that are essentially required to become a successful entrepreneur. In relation to play the role as a creator, I would like to develop exceptional way of improving business performance and handling risks with the best and possible ways. Beyond the above mentioned entrepreneurial objectives, I would also pay utmost attention on increasing my knowledge and abilities to understand or grasp the opportunities by evaluating the prevailing different market scenarios. Nevertheless, improving perceptual skills and maintaining adequate flexibility to learn new ideas would also be certain other major areas to be taken into concern within my entrepreneurial objectives. In relation to define the critical success

Gun Control Synthesis and Paraphrase Research Paper

Gun Control Synthesis and Paraphrase - Research Paper Example A recent Los Angeles Times article stated ‘active compliance’ is the surest way to survive a robbery. â€Å"Victims who engage in active resistance...have the best odds of hanging on to their property. Unfortunately, they also have much better odds of winding up dead." The data provided from 1979 to 1987 by the Department of Justices National Crime Victimization Survey, Lawrence Southwick of SUNY, Buffalo found that it is better to resist attack with a gun but if no gun is available, it is better to offer no resistance than to fight. (Press, 2013) It is a different issue altogether when it involves criminals with guns. This is because it is assumed that criminals shoot haphazardly. Criminals are seen to be about self preservation thus making possession of a handgun to be less than likely. Further, convicted felons are more afraid of armed victims than running into the police. In such situations where deterrence is more important to the criminal because of the fear of getting shot, the criminals prey on the weaker members of society. This is known as the ‘substitute effect.’ ‘Third party effects’ or ‘external benefits’ is the process through which people who are not directly involved in deterring the criminals through gun carrying are also protected as a result of the fearfulness of the criminals. Victims have also not been left behind with the ‘open-carry’ gun law. (Krouse, 2012) The question now arises; why would someone travel across state lines to shoot another in a different state after buying the gun in a different state? Is it the policies that are in place that are wrong? (Lott, 1998) According to The Numbers Debate and Crime, there are a lot of misconceptions that are being thrown around as causes of gun related fatalities, key among them being that most people are killed by people they know. This is a misconception because being someone’s acquaintance does

2. Individual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

2. Individual Report - Coursework Example With its advanced technology it is used by many consumers since it fits their needs. Moreover, the report gives a clear view of how the Sony products make an impact in the market, the strategy that can make Sony more lucrative, the brand loyalty of the camera and the importance of customer satisfaction. The main aim of the report is to understand the Sony camera as a brand and the consumer fulfilment with its products. Understanding of the product gives better decision making for both the company and the users of its products. Therefore, the report’s aim is to deduce the value of both the camera’s impact as a brand and the approval by its users There are several objectives in this report that span from defining Sony camera brand, making a strategy for Sony camera, research the brand loyalty, analysis and evaluation of Sony camera brand equity and importance of customer satisfaction. To amaze its customers, Sony merges the excellent knowledge with its innovative technology. Sony is known for producing great audio-visual technology by its virtue of leading edge technology. Sony has always maintained its vision through offering modern technology and digital concepts while working together with the consumers. By doing so, the company stands to sell excellence to its users. Moreover, their consistency and dedication toward service moves the company closer to the customers. The company boasts the only camera without a mirror-less system. The superior nature of the company in audio- visual technology gives the company a better edge in the market. The production of this type of mirror-less camera opens a new dawn for camera technology having being a dream in the preceding years. Despite the fact that Sony has built its name in the entire electronics industry, their camera house is a home to a range of cameras. Moreover, the company is recognised for its reliability

Current macroeconomic situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current macroeconomic situation - Essay Example economic productivity in the US depicted in the numerous productions and purchases in terms of goods and services, the rates of national unemployment have remained steadily high. This implies that increment in the overall productivity of both goods and services is not playing any noteworthy role in the generation of fresh jobs for the general populace. It further implies that employers are not offering job opportunities to fresh workers in order to develop the required growth rates. In the most recent probe into the macroeconomic situation, Consumer Price Index with regard to urban consumers stood constant during the month of December similar to the month of November. The index for all goods except for food and energy rose significantly by 0.1% in December after it augmented to 0.2 in November (BLS, 2012). This has been presented as the inflation levels for US for the fiscal months of December and November. According to reports on employment and unemployment, a rise in the nonfarm payroll job offering augmented by 200, 000 in December 2011, while the unemployment rate continued to drop at 8.5% (Haskell, 2011). Job opportunities emerged in the conveyance, warehousing, retail vending, industrialized, medical and mining sector of the economy. According to the presented report, real GDP, which is the production of goods and services that US generated in labor and property augmented to a yearly rate of 1.8% as per the third quarter of last year (Haskell, 2011). Previously, the second quarter of last year saw an augment of the real GDP by 1.3%. Currently, the expansionary fiscal tools such as the purchases made by the government on taxes are not working within the current situation. The working group has been amassing less experience concerning jobs than expected, which consequently leads to augment in inflation and unemployment (Bullard, 2011). Although inflation is triggered by supply side dilemmas, inflation and unemployment augment in a similar manner making the

Advertising and Potential Buyers Essay Example for Free

Advertising and Potential Buyers Essay Advertising is a favorable representation of product to make consumer, customers and general public aware of product. It let the potential buyers, general public and end users to be aware and familiar with the brands and their goods and services. Before going on the importance of advertising, we would have an introduction to advertising first. Advertising can be define as a paid form of non – professional but encouraging, complimenting and positively favorable presentation of goods and services to a group of people by an identified sponsor. It does not include distribution of free samples or offering bonuses, these are sales promotion. In simplest words advertising is introduction, to consumers and general public, of services and goods. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Many people think that advertising a product means to sell it. But real aim of advertising is to make general public and potential buyers aware of goods, products and services available under a brand. Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services . Advertisers consider advertising a way to communicate with a particular audience. These advertisements are most common when an advertiser introduces a new product or brand in a category that consumers are already aware of. For example, when a company introduces a new flavor of potato chips. Consumers are familiar with snack foods and chips, but perhaps not this specific brand or flavor. The immediate purpose is awareness. Ideally, the consumer is then interested and will engage in trying the product, leading to purchase, and loyalty to the new product or brand. There are even some appeals which are used in advertisement. Appeals play a very important role in an advertisement. Appeals play a role of bringing life in a particular add. There are some appeals like emotional appeal, youth appeal, sex appeal, adventure appeal etc. these appeals have different features of their own. These appeals are used in order to attract customers and to force them to buy the product. In a successful business, advertising play an essential and important role. Though advertising does not mean selling of products and services but it helps in increasing your sells. Advertising create awareness in people. When general public be conscious to the products, services and goods under the brands and pursuit people towards brands and make them buying better brands. Advertising can be used to create brand awareness in general public and to make business more popular within the circle of potential buyers. Advertising, in a straight line, increases profit of the companies by escalating its revenue. The expenditure made on advertisement can turn as good boost in earnings. This mode of advertising advertises brands via newspaper, pamphlets, brochures, magazines, journals and books. By this mean of advertising brands can let know people, who are connected directly and indirectly connected with non – electronic media, about their supplies. It also includes banners and posters. Non – electronic media is in reach about every local. Advertising on print media is comparatively cheaper than advertising on television. Advertising on internet is getting more popular with time. It is the most ample platform available till date, for advertising and sharing news and creating awareness. You can get your advertising reached to every corner of the wo rld.

Nt Was There Consensus In Post War British Politics Politics Essay

Nt Was There Consensus In Post War British Politics Politics Essay In the context of politics, the term consensus can be defined as a broad agreement exists between parties on important areas of policy  [1]  . Despite first being used as early as the 1950s, the word consensus came to prominence in 1975 when Paul Addison used it to describe the perceived similarities in the goals and policies of the alternating Labour and Conservative governments in the post-war period. The end of World War II was arguably a catalyst for the implementation of ideas  [2]  which had been building for decades prior to the outbreak of war. However, the supposed consensus which existed began to disintegrate in the late 1970s. Commentators, including Brian Harrison, have pinned its demise to 1975 and the appointment of Margaret Thatcher as Conservative party leader due to her struggle (against) those who pursued consensus  [3]  . Crucially, the notion of consensus has not been met with universal acceptance; historians, including Pimlott, have suggested it was a myth, proposing that consensus is a mirage; an illusion that rapidly fades the closer one gets to it  [4]  . In spite of this however, it will be argued that there was indeed agreement between the major parties on fundamental issues. However, the parties often differed in terms of attitude and approach, thus suggesting that consensus is too strong a word to describe this period. Concurring with Hennessy that post-war settlement  [5]  is perhaps a more appropriate description, this essay will take a thematic approach, assessing the degree of consensus in regard to three key areas: economic policy; social policy; and finally foreign and defence policy. Perhaps the most significant area in which to measure the extent of political consensus is through the assessment of economic policy in the post-war period. Public ownership is an area in which, ideologically at least, Labour and the Conservatives should have had divergent views. However, during the late 1940s, coal, gas, electricity, iron and steel were all nationalised and, by the early 1950s, 20 per cent of industry and commerce was state-controlled  [6]  . Crucially, it was a Labour government responsible for the nationalisation statues in the 1940s while the Conservatives remained opposed to such measures, pledging to reverse the statutes and return industry to the private sector. Whilst such plans were never realised, it would be too simplistic to make the assumption that this meant a consensus had been reached. Rather, a convincing case can be made to suggest that a compromise, as opposed to agreement, was reached, with the Conservatives accepting public ownership unwillin gly  [7]  because they sought to avoid causing further disruption. However unwilling the Conservatives may have been, it is clear that, at least until the early 1970s, public ownership remained a point of consensus between the two main parties; the only significant change in this field occurred in 1964 with the renationalisation of iron and steel by Wilsons Labour government. Moreover, strategy towards employment is arguably another key aspect of post-war economic policy which initially points towards a consensus between the two main parties. Following the mass unemployment which characterised the inter-war period, the Second World War virtually eradicated this problem. Understandably, both Labour and the Conservatives sought to maintain this at the end of the war, as outlined in the White Paper on Employment in 1944 which stated that the maintenance of a high and stable level of employment  [8]  would be a key priority for post-war governments. The belief in Keynesianism and commitment to full employment was maintained for three decades, with unemployment averaging less than 3 per cent between 1945 and 1970  [9]  . Whilst at first this appears to be a clear indicator of consensus, a strong case can be made to suggest that both parties were motivated by pragmatism, believing that full employment was good politics  [10]  as it kept morale high and people in work, thus increasing their likelihood of re-election. Furthermore, it is clear that the Conservatives were arguably reluctant partners in the commitment to full employment. Whilst Labour declared its support for introducing measures in the private sector to help achieve full employment, the Conservatives showed a greater degree of reticence. Throughout the 1950s, the Conservatives pledged only to maintain  [11]  present policy, with Kavanagh suggesting this was merely an attempt to live down their reputation as the party of unemployment in the 1930s  [12]  . Subtly, this suggests that the only real source of consensus was in the rhetoric of both parties who both claimed to be advocates of Keynesian economics despite, however, speaking it with different accents and differing emphasis  [13]  . What is more, a third significant aspect of economic policy which, on the surface, suggests a strong degree of consensus in the post-war period concerns trade unions. Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, trade unions retained their important role in politics for another thirty years after the Labour defeat in 1951 because, as Peter Dorey asserts, both parties accepted the desirability of working with, rather than against  [14]  trade unions. Demonstrating the extent of the consensus, in the late 1940s, the Conservative party asserted its acceptance of, and commitment to  [15]  trade unionism. A convincing case can be made to suggest that both parties had converging views on trade unions because they appreciated the symbiotic relationship between government and the unions. The avoidance of the 1953 railway strike is a prime example of this; the strike was prevented following close negotiations between the government and National Union of Railwaymen, demonstrating what could be achie ved by close co-operation between the two  [16]  . However, it is important to assess the nature of the perceived consensus. Significantly, trade unions have been described by the likes of the historian Matthias Matthijs as Labours paymasters  [17]  due to the large proportion of party funding they provided. In contrast, the Conservatives were independent from the trade unions and were, thus, more critical of trade unionism, seeking to reform the way in which unions functioned. Therefore, it is clear that, despite sharing the same fundamental belief in the importance of trade unions, both parties had differing attitudes and approaches as a result of their conflicting interests. A further key area, which is essential to discuss in order to assess the extent to which there was a consensus in post-war British politics, is social policy, with particular reference to the National Health Service, welfare, and education. A strong argument can be made to support the assertion that there was indeed a great deal of consensus between the two main parties regarding the welfare state. By the fall of the Labour government in 1951, the foundations were arguably complete but, crucially, if the newly-elected Conservative government had reversed Labours plans, the NHS and welfare state would not have come into existence. The very fact that the Conservatives chose to continue with Labours plans implies a mutual appreciation and acceptance of the key principles  [18]  which underpinned welfare provision. In fact, every government, regardless of party, committed to maintaining and improving  [19]  the welfare state, except for the Heath government between 1970 and 1972. Moreover, following the publication of the Beveridge Report in 1942, it is plausible to suggest that the NHS and welfare state represented more than simply a consensus on policy; instead, the report arguably profoundly influenced both parties and subtly suggests a consensus in their beliefs and principles. This assertion is supported by the likes of Rodney Lowe, who argues that there was now an understanding that government could assume a positive  [20]  role in improving the lives of its citizens. However, despite evidence of a strong, universal commitment to the welfare state between 1945 and 1974, there is evidence of greater divergence between the two parties over time, particularly with regards to the provision of social services and education. Crucially, in the 1960s, elements within the Conservative party began to doubt  [21]  the concept of universal welfare provision, believing instead that selectivity would both reduce welfare spending whilst also targetting those who needed help most. These divisions continued to grow throughout the 1960s and early 1970s as right-wing Conservatives began claim(ing) that high levels of welfare spending were (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) undermining the economy  [22]  . Similarly, with regard to education, on the surface at least, this appeared to be a source of consensus; the Education Act of 1944 was conceived by the Conservatives but enacted by Labour, suggesting a common vision for secondary education in Britain. However, as noted by N ick Ellison, there was conflict between the two parties regarding comprehensive and private education. The division on this issue highlights the fundamental ideological differences which existed between Labour and the Conservatives; Labours egalitarian perspective contrasted markedly with Conservative education policy  [23]  . Significantly, this illustrates the limitations of consensus, suggesting that party ideology was not compromised in the name of consensus. Finally, a third broad area which requires discussion in order to determine the extent to which there was a consensus in post-war British politics is foreign and defence policy, with particular reference to Europe, decolonisation and the British Commonwealth. The debate surrounding European integration can be seen, on the surface at least, as evidence of consensus in the post-war period. Throughout the 1950s, both parties remained opposed  [24]  to various ventures, including the formation of the Coal and Steel community in 1950 and, later in 1954, the establishment of a European Defence Community. However, by the 1960s, both parties simultaneously came to accept that joining the European Economic Community was the best way to protect British interests  [25]  . Crucially, the issue of European integration highlights an important feature of the consensus; whilst governments of both parties shared the same views on European integration, this was not necessarily representative o f the opinions of party members, thus stressing the elitist nature of consensus politics and its divorce from party opinion  [26]  . Furthermore, the policy of decolonisation, achieved through the granting of independence to colonies and the subsequent transition to a Commonwealth, marked a clear departure from the policies pursued by Britain prior to the Second World War. Despite the drastic change in direction, both parties appear, in rhetoric at least, to have shared a common vision for the British Empire in the post-war era. This is highlighted in their 1950 election manifestos in which both Labour and the Conservatives outlined their commitment to the Commonwealth and decolonisation. The similarity in the language used is striking; Labour outlined its desire to strengthen  [27]  the association between nations while the Conservatives pledged to and promote and support  [28]  the Commonwealth. On the one hand, this can be perceived as highlighting the true extent to which both parties shared a united vision for post-war foreign policy. However, manifesto rhetoric does not always truly represent the vie ws of the party. Anthony Seldon concurs with this, claiming that Labour was enthusiastic  [29]  while the Conservatives were more reluctant  [30]  about the prospect of decolonisation. However, there are several aspects where there is generally less debate regarding the extent of consensus between the main parties. For instance, both Labour and the Conservatives recognised the value of maintaining a nuclear deterrent and were also of the same view regarding the importance of both Britains membership to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the maintenance of close links with the USA  [31]  . Thus, it is clear that, whilst there were key elements of consensus in post-war foreign and domestic policy, there are also several examples of disagreement. Overall, in assessing economic, social and foreign policy between 1945 and 1974, this essay has highlighted numerous points upon which Labour and the Conservative party have shared a common vision for post-war Britain. However, there are also many examples of disagreement and divergence between the main parties. Fundamentally, it is clear that both parties shared broadly similar goals and policies but differed in terms of their attitude and approach to achieving their shared vision. The key issue is one of semantics, however. Historians have differing definitions of consensus, making it all the more difficult to assess the extent to which there was a consensus in this period. If Addisons definition of consensus as a historically unusual degree of agreement over a wide range of economic and social policies  [32]  is accepted, then it is impossible to deny the strength of consensus in the post-war period. Crucially, as Seldon notes, the use of the word consensus can be unhelpful as it is ambiguous, with some historians referring to a consensus over policy  [33]  while others advocate the existence of a deeper, more profound commitment to a set of common beliefs and values  [34]  . However, despite the ambiguity of the word, the extent to which the two main parties agreed on fundamental issues during this thirty year period was arguably unparalleled. In spite of the disagreements which occurred, there were no major shifts in policy and the existence of a broad consensus, amongst the governing elite at least, is undeniable.

The Concept Of Media Framing

The Concept Of Media Framing In this paper, we analyze the concept of media framing in relation to the construction of a mosque at ground zero. We identify the various frames used by various media houses in America and compare and contrast them. We analyze the related literature and the basic concepts involved in media framing. A general overview of the concept of media framing is also provided. Entman (1993) describes framing as a scattered concept where previous researchers lack clear conceptual meanings and depend on context-based definitions, rather than general applicability. Brosius and Eps (1995) proceeds that framing may not be clear in explication and generally used but can be seen as a metaphor which does not convert directly into research setting. While different authors agree that there is lack of commonality in the definition of this term, people have often used the term frame to refer to similar but different approaches. For this particular article, I now use the term framing to refer to the way media houses use mind-controlling technique to gain readership and viewership by providing what appears to be new but intricately woven to control the thought process and opinions. Concept of Media Framing Framing can be compared to the setting of agenda or opinion but stretches the research by pin pointing the issues that area at hand instead of a particular topic. Framing theory makes the media take an issue and then places it to connote a new meaning or opinion. It is a very important technique since make the media tailor he thoughts of the masses towards a particular direction hence they become opinion leaders. When the media selects topics, they direct the people where and what to think. When journalists choose a frame, they make sure that they even provide a structure in such a way that their audience only interpret what is provided. A frame is a notion which serves to organize or direct social meaning to a given issue at hand. Their intention is to make the targeted audience to think about the news bulletin or article and how to think about it. Media framing at Ground Zero Mosque Construction This article looks at the myths, stories, metaphors, and narratives and traditions that the media employed to capture the attention of the American citizens and the wiorld at large and cause the proposal to construct ground zero mosque a big story. While research has shown that the proposed Islamic Cultural Center and Mosque was not to be constructed at the ill-fated World Trade Center site, the frames that were used clearly depicts that the media conditioned the thoughts of the audience to think in a particular direction. CNNs framing of the Mosque at Ground Zero Numbers as a frame The very dominant frame used by CNN in the framing of the mosque at ground zero is numbers. They used extremely large statistics in order to show how grave the situation was being objected by Americans. They purported that a poll they conducted revealed that 68% of Americans opposed the construction of the ground zero mosque (McCormack, 2010).This is as postulated by Stone (2002). Islamophobic phrases as a frame CNN televised mind-boggling Islamophobes on several occasions and if not all, Geller who once advocated for the destruction of Jerusalems Dome of Rock, which is a Moslems revered sites, and one who once depicted Muhammad with the face of a pig in her website (FAIR Blog, 2010) had appeared twice on the CNNs network between May and August 2010 to state her position on the proposed construction. Her appearance and her contribution direct people to her perception of what Islam is about. Consequently, CNN by close extension frame the issue of proposed mosque construction and become opinion carrier and disseminates the same to the audience. This media house, ought to have stated the factual reports without tilting towards anti-Moslem crusaders. Cooper 360 (2010) gave Fischer television airtime to contribute that Islam is totalitarian and that it is anti-Christian and seeks the extermination of Western ideology on civilization. Another segment of Cooper (2010) of Anderson Cooper featured Benham of prolife, anti-Islam crusade Operation Save America, where Islam was termed as a lie from hell. This is in fact use of depiction as a framing device to cause the listeners to imagine, ponder and magnify a Muslim-dominated America. Conceptualization of media framing Framing theory Extant literature has been dedicated to the concept of media framing. This literature can be categorized into four broad stages. The initial stage which gives an account of media framing that occurred between the 1920s and the 1930s was characterized by event that occurred during the World War I such as propaganda effects as well as its beliefs regarding beliefs on the influence of media on the attitude of people (Scheufele, 1999). The second phase took place between the 1930s and the 1960s and was marked by issues that tended to put forward the gravity and nee of personal experience in the process of changing the attitude of people. The researchers who noted this did believe that the main media effect was concentrated on the reinforcement of the attitude that were already in existence as postulated by Klapper (1960). The study of the third stage which took place between 1970s and 1980s gave life to the new media effects that were even stronger. The focus of the media was however rap idly shifted from attitude changes to more cognitive based effects as outlined by Noelle-Neumann (1973). The fourth stage which has been running from 1980s to present has been heavily marred by elements of social constructivism, as shown by the work of scholars such as Berger and Luckmann (1966), Gamson and Modigliani(1989) and Tuchman (1978) who are all social scientists. The other portion of literature on this stage of media effects has also been researched and discussed by political scientists such as Ivengar (1991) and Scheufele (1999).The concept of social constructivism attempts to make an explanation on the possible relationships that exists between media and the audience via a combination of elements of strong as well as limited media effects in the domain of mass media. The work of Gamson and Modigliani (1989, p. 2) categorically expressed the fact that Media discourse is part of the process by which individuals construct meaning, and public opinion is part of the process by which journalistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦develop and crystallize meaning in public discourse. The work of Gamson and Modigliani (1987) further portrays the real essence of media framing as being the main organizing idea or rather the story line that gives a meaning to certain upholding string of events. The frames therefore do suggest what a certain controversy is about as well as the real essence of the issue involved (Gamson and Modigliani, 1987, p. 143). Entman (1993) however points out that the meaning of a frame is tied down to the selection of certain aspects of a reality which is perceived in order to make them salient so as to promote a certain definition of a problem, its moral evaluation, causal meaning as well as the treatment of the recommendations (Entman, 1993, p. 52). The work of Iyengar (1991) made a differentiation between the thematic and episodic media frames. These episodic media frames are a depiction of public media issues which in essence are concrete instances as well as specific events that come about as a result of individualistic actions. The thematic framing reports on the other side are a systematic reflection of the problems that take place in our society on a level that is considered abstract but with outcomes that are general. The media framing of the Mosque at ground Zero is a perfect example of thematic framing Media framing and elements of public deliberation The work of Simon and Xenos (2000) on media framing was concentrated on the analysis of media framing in order to research the influence of public deliberation that is actively involved in the process of social creation as well as the changes that occur in our society over a period of time. They point out that deliberation is a process involving political argumentation that moves on through a process of discursive giving and taking. The effects are therefore intricately linked to the media framing effects as was indicative in their research (Simon and Xenos, 2000, p. 367). Media framing and the reasoning devices The work of Gamson and Lasch (1983) came up with an identification of various framing as well as reasoning devices that can be utilized as a combination in order to create frames. The framing devices include metaphors, exemplars, and visual images, depictions and metaphors. These do suggest a framework to be used in viewing of the issues involved. The reasoning devices on the other side include roots, appeal principles and consequences. They are used in the provision of justification and reasons for the general positions that are adopted (Gamson and Lasch, 1983, p. 399).The work of Stone (2002) makes an addition to the list of devices that include synecdoche as well as numbers. Synecdoche refers to figure of speech which represents an idea in its entirety or in parts. Numbers on the other hand are used as a method of describing a certain phenomena as well as events using measurements. The most favorite technique is the use of ether abnormally large or small numbers in order to dramatize an idea as pointed out by Stone (2002, p. 137) Media framing as depicted by other channels and newspapers The trouble started with anti-Muslim activists when they suggested that the proposal a ploy by Muslims in American to conquer the memorial site of the September Eleven attacks (Big Government, 2010). The Big Government uses the word conquer to capture the attention of the already audience who are paranoid about terrorism and the perceived Islamization of America. The point that the proposed site is closer to the ground zero site would not attract serious readership without using the word conquer to tune the minds of the audience to imagine America infested by the perceived enemies. A good timeline is provided by the Salon (2010) traces the genesis of the controversy to posts done by Pamela Geller on the web Atlas Shrugs blog (2010), a source of anti-Muslim forum. Which insinuated about the impending perceived Islamization of America? Geller (2009) retorted that the construction of the mosque at the world trade centers site was about Islamic expansionism and domination. The term Islamization of America is a catch-phrase used to frame the story in order to agitate the American populace. He added that the Islamic center will instill and encourage the Qurans violent texts. This narrative, together with what exists in the Atlas Shrugs blog, is intentionally designed to direct the audience to a specific line of agitation against Muslim rights in America. In addition, from May, the New York Post picked up a story and Andrea Peyser (2010), the columnist who spread the propaganda that the center was to open on the September 11 in the year 2011, and used repetitively the term Ground Zero mosque in his references to the cultural center. This culminated into anti-Muslim debates as intended by the writer. This numerous use of the terminology of ground zero is use of numbers as a framing device. Contrast between media houses on framing The main contrast between the media houses was the gravity of reporting the extent of media framing. This is depicted in the work of Nisbet and Garrett (2010) whose analysis shown that FOX News was responsible for most of the rumors and misconceptions regarding the construction of the mosque at ground zero. Conclusion The concept of media framing can be used positively and effectively in various parts of the human society such as in effectively improving businesses instead of using it to trample on basic human rights. It is important that it be used since it can be used in eliciting the true meaning of certain events.

Views Of Matter Essay -- essays research papers fc

What exactly is matter, it is not an every day question that one asks one’s own self. When looked at there are many different views on this subject, however because of the numerous numbers of different views, it is only possible to look at three of the discourses. The three discourses of matter to be looked at are; the Religious, Scientific, and Philosophical. Each discourse has evolved through time into the views that we know, and accept today. The distinction between these views on matter differs greatly, however it is possible to say that all three views came from the same place. This place being ancient Greece; it was their belief in gods that brought about religion, philosophy, and then science. The scientific view of matter has evolved over time. Science for many centuries has been accompanied by philosophical thought, throughout time the mixture of the two is very evident. The beginnings of western science, namely physics, coincide with that of the first period of Greek philosophers. Physics is in fact a term derived from the Greek word â€Å"physis† which means â€Å"the endeavor of seeing the essential nature of all things† (Capra, 1977, p. 9). The basic ideas evolved from the Greek philosophers, and philosophy remained a big part of science right up until the Newtonian view of the universe. Newton had a mechanistic view of the universe. He saw the universe as a three dimensional space. This space was unchangeable and always stagnant. â€Å"In Newton’s own words, â€Å"Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains always similar and immovable.† All changes in the physical world were described in terms of a separate dimension, called time, which again was absolute, having no connection to the material world and flowing smoothly, from the past through the present to the future.† (Capra, 1977, p. 43). The things, which made up the absolute space and time, were material particles. These were perceived by Newton to be a part of all matter, as well as indestructible. Newton’s views were very parallel to those of the early Greek atomists. â€Å"Both were based on the distinction between the full and the void, between matter and space, and in both models the particles remained always identical in their mass and shape.† (Capra, 1977, p. 43). The difference between these two views came in the forces that acted upon the particles. The early Greeks... ...nce. Thus the different views on matter are 1. Religion: God created All matter. 2. Science: All matter is made up of tiny particles, (molecules/atoms) which have forces that act upon them to create movement. 3. Philosophy: Questions the existence of matter (what is real?) and shows why it exists if indeed it does. Religion is mystical and is supernatural, and believes that God has created all matter. Science got its beginnings from early philosophers, but when philosophers moved away from the question of what is something made of, to the question of; does it exist? Science still tried to prove our existence, through what matter is made of. Religion and philosophy differ in that religion has an answer to the question of the existence of matter. This is the same for science; it has proved that there are tiny particles called atoms that make up every thing. So of the three discourses, philosophy is the only one still searching for an answer to the question of the existence of matter. Bibliography Capra, Fritjof. The Tao of physics. Bantam Books, Toronto, 1977. Russell, B. The problem of philosophy. A Galaxy Book, New York, 1959. Durkhiem, E. Elementary focus of the religious life.

Gender Roles in Ancient Greek Society Essay -- Greek Gender Roles

Gender Roles in Ancient Greek Society Throughout history, the roles of women and men have always differed to some degree. In ancient Greece, the traditional roles were clear-cut and defined. Women stayed home to care for children and do housework while men left to work. This system of society was not too far off the hunter gatherer concept where women cared for the house and the men hunted. Intriguingly enough, despite the customary submissive role, women had a more multifaceted role and image in society as juxtaposed with the rather simple role men played. Morals for the two were also different. Men obviously had the upper hand with women being the traditional passive. For an example, it was quite acceptable for a man to commit adultery- however a woman was to remain chaste. The only exception to this was if the lover in question was a god. For some odd reason, it seemed that men were allowed to be philanderers while their wives stayed at home. This is evidenced in the Odyssey quite well- Odysseus the ?hero? is free to sample all the pretty ladies he cares to, whereareas Penelope his wife is expected to fend off all the suitors at home. Predictably, Penelope melts into his arms when she realizes it is her long lost husband without pausing to consider what he has done in his absence. This reaction portrays the unequal morals of Greek society regarding gender. Euripides?s Medea portrays women who are not quite as lucky as Penelope: ?Oh, unfortunate one, Oh cruel! Where will you turn? Who will help you? What house or what land to preserve you from ill can you find? Medea, a god has thrown suffering upon you in waves of despair.? In this play, Medea?s husband Jason has left her and their children to fend fo... ...ing his daughter is excusable. Men and women lived in completely dissimilar spheres, until the time of marriage. Even after marriage, they still retained strong ties to their own spheres by Achilles and Patrocleus. This is aspect of young life is depicted by Sappho in her poems. Apparently alternative lifestyles were commonly accepted in youth and continued throughout adulthood. This passive encouragement of homosexuality further strengthened ties between the separate genders and emphasizing the differences. Human society does not really change. The roles each gender plays in society has not changed drastically since the time of the ancient Greeks, and this goes to suggest that these roles are deeply rooted and possibly genetic. However chauvinistic Greek myths are telling the truth, which explains why they have influenced modern culture to the extent it has.

Operating Systems :: essays research papers

Retail system management can be an exhausting and daunting task. However, successfully evaluating the efficiency of an organization’s operating system is necessary to ensure a smooth and efficient operating stance for any venturing company. In this example, I will discuss the evaluation of RadioShack’s current operating system—Windows 98.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems unbelievable to imagine a company with a reputation for embracing technology to be found running archaic operating systems like Windows 98, but it is true. An e-commerce relic operates Radioshack’s entire point-of-sale and backroom functions. However, if you take into consideration the size of Radioshack’s organization numbering over 8000 stores, it becomes clear as to their motives. An operating system upgrade would be expensive, time-consuming, and risky. In spite of any potential benefits gained, RadioShack has opted to not fix what is not broke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RadioShack, as mentioned previously, utilizes Microsoft Windows 98 on all store terminals. Consequently, there are a myriad of applications necessary to maintain store accounting, inventory, and appearance. These applications include an internally developed program call Tag Wizard, an inventory control program, an enterprise solution named ACRWin and RadioShack Online. All of these components are essential to contributing and maintaining the store’s profitability. One element in the decision to not upgrade operating systems is the potential incompatibility of these programs with a newer system. Even one hour of downtime nationwide incurred by such an upgrade could potentially cripple RadioShack's profitability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite this risky conclusion, RadioShack could benefit from the investment of newer technology in a variety of ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, a newer operating system can deliver better access to input and output devices. With barcode scanners, inventory guns, computer demonstrators, and order processes all running as separate entities, a system such as Windows 2000 could integrate the entire package. The days of using one terminal to enter a customer sale, and yet another to create merchandise tags and still yet another to reconcile inventory could be over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, an improvement in controlled access to files is needed and a new operating system could deliver this function. Currently, when a RadioShack user logs in to an ACRWin terminal, they have free and complete access to all information. Windows 98 and ACRWin’s inability to mesh with each other allows a user to create the same transaction as a manager. This creates an unacceptable problem. There is little security provided from an unruly employee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, RadioShack’s current operating system lacks adequate error detection and response.

Negative effects of cartoons Essay

Parents should limit the amount and the content of cartoons their children watch. Cartoons have a lot of negative impact on children because kids are very influential in a young age, watching cartoons that have violent and ill mannered content in it lets the children get exposed to such things at an age where they cannot yet distinguish right from wrong and reality from fake. Cartoons are negatively influential because they have too much violence, they make kids inactive and ultimately over weight, they set up a mind set for the child’s behavior and how they should act. Cartoons can be used for good things too, such as education for preschoolers or they can help infants and babies get linguistic exposure and start talking early. Cartoons can also be used as entertainment to keep kids out of trouble or occupied while their parents are busy doing something. Although cartoons can be used in a positive way like education for kids, most cartoons are not for educational purposes and most parents do not realize that the cartoons their children watch are harmful to their child’s health, mentally and physically. Cartoons today are mostly about entertainment, and violence is the biggest factor in it. Children who watch violence depicted on TV are more likely to imitate those acts since in cartoons they do not show the after math of violence, so kids do not really know the consequences of violence and they do not know why it’s a bad thing. Violence is depicted as a cool or fun thing and an effective way to get what you want. Kidshealth say that â€Å"Kids who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior but also fear that the world is scary and that something bad will happen to them†. (Kidshealth.org) and other experts say that â€Å"Today’s animation and games are so realistic it can be hard for kids to tell the difference between ‘pretend’ violence and live action, making some animation just as disturbing as the real thing† (schoolatoz.nsw.edu.au). Cartoons like family guy where content like violence, aggression, sexual immaturity and bad language is  depicted in every episode and is a available for kids from all age groups like elementary kids to high school students. Family guy is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, its format is black comedy and surreal humor. In this cartoon the main character is Peter Griffin who is a middle aged man. Peter Griffins main activities are going to the bar to hang out with his friends and drinking, he is very immature and irresponsible in the way he acts and the things he does. In many episodes of the cartoon Peter Griffin ends up fighting with a rooster named Ernie, and they fight for like five minutes nonstop, destroing everything in their path. The family of Peter Griffin always fight and argue and that promotes domestic violence, especially to kids who do not know any better. All the characters in the cartoon are terrible role models, and almost every character does something terrible whether it is killing, drug use, drinking, perversity and more. This cartoon and others like it are available for children who watch TV without the supervision of their parents. Obesity is becoming a growing problem for kids because they are watching cartoons that advertise unhealthy eating and they spend too much time being inactive in front of the TV. A child who watches cartoons frequently probably has a favorite character that he or she likes, now the danger comes in when that child’s favorite cartoon character starts doing risky things that are ultimately or immediately harmful to them. If a cartoon character starts eating unhealthy, the child who admires that character will want to eat whatever they saw the cartoon character eat, and the children will even beg and cry to their parents to get the food product that has their favorite characters picture on it. Whether the food product is healthy or not their parents will end up buying it just to make their kids stop crying. Research shows that â€Å"children who consistently spend more than 4 hours per day watching TV are more likely to be overweight† (kidshealth.org). If there is an activity children might be doing that makes them active and on TV they have their favorite cartoon show on they will choose that cartoon show over playing and being active because the cartoons are designed to be entertaining and addictive to children. Most often children watch cartoons with a snack nearby and end up over eating and ultimately gain weight over a period of their childhood lives. Cartoons are an effective way to teach children school subjects through fun and humor to keep children interested and motivated to learn. Children tend to learn better and faster when they are shown or thought any subject by someone they like and if it is presented to them appropriately. Cartoons are attractive to children because they are made specifically for kids. Cartoons like Curios George, teach kids how to be adventures, generous, curious, to persevere and how to be friendly. Curious George also sets a good example for children to follow , like when George feeds the birds on his roof and when he helps out with groceries and how he is always considerate of others. Because of how attractive cartoons are to children, parents really need to be careful about what they let their children watch because cartoons could leave a big influence on them in a negative way. Yes there are some good affects of cartoons, however it still comes down to the need of the parents to monitor what their kids watch because after all, it is the parents responsibility to teach their kids how to have good morals and character and not some cartoon show that happens keep their children smiling or keep them busy while the parents do something else. Parents must not be tricked into thinking that because a story is presented in cartoon format it has a lesser impact on children. cartoons are harmful to children because they are too influential to kids and most cartoons today are violent and they send ill messages to kids like for example, that they need to be aggressive to get what they want or that they can be violent and get away with it without consequences. Cartoons that have violence almost never show the consequences of violence and that’s how children end up thinking that it’s not a bad thing and that way they eventually get desensitized to it. Cartoons can make children over weight because they are inactive for hours at a time and they are allowed to do this daily without the supervision of their parents. Cartoons can be used for good also like, they can teach children about nature and animals and they can learn about school subjects. Cartoons like â€Å"Dora The Explorer† where they teach kids new things about nature and they teach kids Spanish and how to be adventures. Cartoons can be used for good but that does not make them less harmful because they are still highly influential to kids because of how  much impact they can have on a child’s view of how they should behave. It comes down to the need of the parents to monitor the content of the cartoons they let their children watch and how involved they want to be in their child’s life and how they want their kids to grow up. Work Cited http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/family/tv_affects_child.html#. Steven Dowshen, MD. October 2011. August 10, 2013. http://www.schoolatoz.nsw.edu.au/technology/using-technology/does-cartoon-violence-make-kids-more-aggressive. August 10, 2013.

How to Adjust a Trail Balance Essay

A trial balance is created by companies at the end of an accounting period. It contains a list of all accounts within an accounting system that have balances. Companies separate the accounts into different categories, which include assets, liabilities, equities, revenues and expenses. The accounts are listed in order, beginning with assets, and each includes a balance that is either a debit or credit. Asset and expense accounts have debit balances, while the other types have credit balances. Adjusting entries are made to certain accounts to bring their balances up to date. After adjusting entries are made, the trial balance is updated to an adjusted trial balance. Instructions 1 Create a trial balance. Using the company’s general ledger, transfer all accounts and balances onto a 10-column worksheet. Each account name is listed first, followed by the balance in each. The first two columns of the worksheet are designated for the trial balance. The amounts are separated by debits and credits. Total each column verifying that the amounts are equal. 2 Determine what adjusting entries are needed. Adjusting entries typically are used for two different types of activities: accrual and deferrals. Accruals are entries used to record a revenue or expense that has occurred but has not been posted yet. Deferrals refer to entries that have been made previously, but the amount of the entry must be divided between two or more periods. 3 Adjust for accrual of expenses. Several common adjusting entries occur due to the accrual of expenses. According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), all expenses and revenues are to be recorded in the period in which they occur. For example, you must record interest expense for interest accrued on a business loan during the current period. To do this, a debit is posted to Interest Expense and a credit to Interest Payable. Interest Payable is a liability account that represents interest that is accrued but is not paid yet. 4 Adjust for accrual of revenues. Entries must also be made to update the amount of revenue earned for a period. For example, you must record interest earned on a note during the period it was earned, even though it was not received. To do this, a credit is made to Interest Receivable and a debit to Interest Revenue. 5 Record adjustments for deferred expenses. A deferred expense entry is used when a company records a transaction in the past that must be updated now. For example, if an annual insurance policy was purchased and paid for, every month a portion of that prepaid insurance entry must be expensed out. The amount initially would be placed in an asset account called Prepaid Insurance. Every month after a month of insurance is used, an adjusting entry is made by debiting Insurance Expense and crediting Prepaid Insurance. 6 Record any deferred revenues. This entry occurs when money was received and posted to an Unearned Revenue account prior to it being earned. For example, if your company provides a service to another company and the company prepays for the service for a year, an entry is made. The amount was initially posted in a liability account called unearned revenue. At the end of each month, after a portion of the revenue is earned, an adjusting entry is made by debiting the Unearned Revenue account and crediting the Revenue account.

History of the Beer Growler Essay

Introduction I. Attention-getter: Does anyone know what the term â€Å"Growler† means and how it relates to beer? (merriam-webster. com) A container for beer bought by the measure (can, pitcher, bottle, etc) II. Thesis statement: Beer is drank everyday in the United States, without a single consideration of the vessels they come in or how they came to be. III. Preview of Main Points: Today were going to discuss, when the growler first emerged, how it got its name, and the common day growler. Transition: Starting with my first point, when growlers first appeared. 1. The first growlers are believed to have emerged in the mid 1800s. A. The consumer wanted to drink beer at home, and during lunch breaks at work. B. They were the only way to have beer outside of the saloon or local tavern C. Growlers varied from glass, to pottery, to the most popular being a 2qt galvanized pail with lid. D. (focusonthebeer. com) they were sold as a pint, and filled 1/2 beer, and 1/2 foam. . Transition: Now that we have discussed when they emerged, let’s talk about how they got their name. 2. The term growler is actually up for some debate. A. Some believe it was sound of CO2 escaping from the lid of the pail. B. Others believe it was rumbling of the stomachs of workers waiting to have beer during lunch. C. (bottles. net) Many also believe it was conflict between the bartender, and the customer. The customer was â€Å"growling† about not having a full pail, and the bartender was â€Å"growling† about only having to charge for a pint. Transition: Lastly we are going to discuss the common day growler. 3. It wasn’t until 1989 when it emerged again, in what we are familiar with today in terms of the growler A. (beeradvocate. com) In 1989 Charlie Otto is being credited for what we see in today’s growler B. (grandtetonbrewing. com) formerly â€Å"Otto brothers brewing company† Otto wanted to allow his customers to take beer home and enjoy it. C. After discussing this with his father, his father told him he needs a growler, which his father remembers getting filled for his father. D. Common day growler is a glass jug with a small handle. Often times with the Brewery label silk screened on the bottle Conclusion A. Review of Main Points: Today we have went over when the growler emerged, how it got its name, and the common day growler. B. Residual message: Today the growler is particularly popular with the craft beer breweries; it is believed to have stopped over 1 billion bottles, and cans going into the trash each year. References: Source 1 Merriam-Webster, 2013. Definition of the word Growler. Available from Merriam-Webster via internet (http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/growler). Source 2 IGrind, November 12, 2011. The Growler: Part 1 The Past. Available via the internet (http://www. focusonthebeer. com/2011/11/growler-part-1-past. html) Source 3 Jess Kidden, 2013. History of the Growler Available via the internet (http://www. bottless. net/The_History_of_The_Beer_Growler_s/605. htm) Source 4 BeerAdvocate, July 31, 2002. The Growler: Beer-to-Go! Available via the internet (http://beeradvocate. com/articles/384) Source 5 Grand Teton Brewing, Growler History. Available via the internet (http://www. grandtetonbrewing. com/Growlers. html).

Significant Changes of Education in America

Education in America has seen many significant changes since the Modern Post-War Era. Children are allowed to attend classes with kids of various races, schools have equal opportunities for both males and females, and for children with disabilities or handicaps. These three events in the history of American Education helped set a basic framework that has standardized the minimum educational requirements for all schools throughout the country. Now each and every student can get an equal chance to be educated. Horace Mann†s contributions in 1868 to the common school movement, allowed elementary schools to become free and available to all in the state of Massachusetts. Mann wanted all school doors to be opened to any child of the state, no matter where that child was from or his background. As the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education in 1837, this position allowed Mann to speak his ideas to improve the quality of schools. Soon after, he and Catherine Beecher established, The Normal School, a professional program that gave teachers the proper training with a higher level of education and skills than previous educators needed. Brown vs. Board of Education was another significant event that changed education in America. By the end of World War I, school segregation was in effect. This meant that all schools with â€Å"white† children were separated from all â€Å"black† children. Children in America were getting a limited education as well as the idea the racism is allowed and tolerated. In 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren put an end to all segregated schools. While some schools were changed, others were reluctant and resistant to the new change. Not all schools agreed with this new law. Some districts, even a year after the law was in full effect, were so set in their racist ways, allowed school grounds to became battlefields with riots and obscene violence. In 1975, Congress passed the Education For All Handicapped Children Act. This new law enabled an even wider range of children to join an educational setting. It allows children with disabilities an equal opportunity to a greater education. For instance, students may have previously been forced into costly alternative institutions, home schooling, or simply lack of any formal education because of their unique needs. Without this law, students with disabilities would be segregated, just like African Americans were and deprived of the chance for a â€Å"normal,† everyday educational experience in a public school. This Act guarantees that by law, all children will receive a free education in an environment suited for their special needs if they so desire. These legal, moral, and social changes have fostered the need for educator†s instructional strategies to evolve. To deal with the diverse needs of the learning community, teaching mediums and methods must encompass not only the latest legal or school board changes, but embrace the latest technological changes available in the 21st century classroom.